Saran's Learn Microbiology

  CYTOSKELETON —   Until very recently, scientists thought that the shape of all bacteria was completely determined by the peptidoglycan layer (cell wall). Although this is true of many bacteria, particularly the cocci. —   Other bacteria produce long polymers of a protein called Actin and Tubulin, arranged in helical ribbons around the cell just under the cell membrane. —   These fibers contribute to cell shape, perhaps by influencing the way peptidoglycan is manufactured, and also function in cell division. —   The fibers have been found in rod-shaped and spiral bacteria. —   The Cytoskeleton provides support and shape and assists in transporting substances through the cell. Figure – 11.1: Bacterial cytoskeleton (The actin fibers in these rod-shaped bacteria are Fluorescently stained)

  ·        The Golden Age of Microbiology refers to the period roughly between 1857 and 1914 , during which major advances were made in the field of microbiology. This era was marked by groundbreaking discoveries about microbes and their role in disease, fermentation, and other biological processes. ·        It laid the foundation for modern microbiology, immunolog y, and medical microbiology. ·        Key contributions in Golden Age of Microbiology includes ü   Louis Pasteur - Disproved Spontaneous Generation (by Swan Neck Flask Experiment), Fermentation (Beer and Wine), Pasteurization (Milk), Germ theory of disease and Vaccines (Rabies vaccine, Anthrax vaccine and Chicken cholera vaccine). ü   Robert Koch - Koch’s postulates, Introduced Pure Culture Techniques using solid media (agar plates), Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Vibrio cholerae and Bacillus an...

DAY DATE TOPICS FOR PREPARATION 1 01.05.25 Spontaneous generation theory; Contributions of Francesco Redi; John Needham; Lazaro Spallanzani; Louis Pasteur; Robert Hooke; Antony Van Leeuwenhoek; Ferdinand Cohn; Edward Buchner. 2 02.05.25 Robert Koch, Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister, Paul Ehrlich, Martinus Beijerinck, Sergi Winogradsky, Alexander Fleming and Selman Waksman; Golden age of Microbiology. 3 03.05.25 Evolution of Microbial life - Phylogenetic Hierarchy; Nomenclature of Microorganisms; Taxonomy and Taxonomic Hierarchy; Numerical Taxonomy; Molecular Taxonomy. 4 04.05.25 Kingdom concept of Organisms classification – Linnaeus Two Kingdom concept, Haeckel Three Kingdom concept, Copeland’s Four Kingdom concept, Whittaker’s Five Kingdom concept, Grey & Doolittle’s Six Kingdom c...