Saran's Learn Microbiology

  ·    Bacteriology: Study of Bacteria and Archaea. ·        Mycology: Study of Fungi (Molds and Yeasts). ·        Phycology or Algology : Study of Algae. ·        Protozoology: Study of Protozoa. ·        Virology: Study of Viruses. ·        Parasitology: Study of parasitism and parasites that include pathogenic protozoa, helminth worms and some insects. ·        Microbial Ecology: Study of interrelationships between microbes and environment. ·        Microbial Morphology : Study of detailed structures of microorganisms. ·        Microbial Physiology: Metabolism of microbes at the cellular and molecular levels. ·     Molecular Microbiology: Study of genome (i.e., genomics) of microorganisms and construction of phylogenetic tree based on rRNA. ·        Microbial Genetics: Study of heredity and variation in varieties. ·        Molecular Biology: The advanced study of the genetic material (DNA, RNA) and protein synthesis. ·        Agricultural Microbiology: Stud

SELMAN ABRAHAM WAKSMAN ·        Selman Abraham Waksman was a Ukraine scientist. ·        Selman Waksman coined the term “Antibiotics”.   Selman Waksman has isolated nearly 20 Antibiotics including Actinomycin (1940), Clavacin, Streptothricin (1942), Streptomycin (1943), Grisein (1946), Neomycin (1948), Fradicin, Candicidin, Candidin, and others. Two of these, Streptomycin and Neomycin have found extensive application in the treatment of numerous infectious diseases. ·        Selman Waksman’s fields of work include ü   Microbiological population of the soil ü   Sulphur oxidation by bacteria ü   Microorganisms and soil fertility ü   Decomposition of plant and animal residues ü   Nature and formation of humus ü   Occurrence of bacteria in the sea and their role in marine processes ü   Taxonomy, Physiology and Biochemistry of the Actinomycetes ·       Selman Waksman received Nobel prize in 1952 for his discovery of

ALEXANDER FLEMING ·        Alexander Fleming was a Scottish Physician and Microbiologist. ·       Alexander Fleming’s best-known discoveries are the enzyme Lysozyme (1921), antibiotic Penicillin (1928) from the mold Penicillium notatum (now renamed as Penicillium chrysogenum ) and bacteria Micrococcus luteus (1928).  ·   In 1921, Alexander Fleming found that the natural substance like Saliva and Tears are having antimicrobial activity due to the presence of an enzyme Lysozyme. ·     In 1928, while working on Influenza virus, Alexander Fleming observed the accidentally developed mold Penicillium notatum inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus and identified the antibiotic Penicillin. ·    Two Scientists, Howard Florey (Australian Pathologist) and Ernst Chain (Germany born British Biochemist), who developed Penicillin further so that it could be produced as a drug. ·     Micrococcus luteus (previously known as Micrococcus lyso

SERGI NIKOLAIEVICH WINOGRADSKY ·        Sergi Winogradsky was a Russian Microbiologist, Ecologist and Soil Scientist. ·        Sergi Winogradsky discovered ü   Microorganisms involved in Nitrogen cycle, Carbon cycle and Sulfur cycle (Biogeochemical cycle). ü   Microorganisms ( Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrosococcus sp. now known as Nitrobacter sp.) responsible for Nitrification process (transformation of Ammonia to Nitrite) in soil. ü   Sulfur oxidizing bacteria ü   Iron oxidizing bacteria ü   Lithotrophic nutrition in the bacteria Beggiatoa sp. ü   Chemosynthesis – an entirely new mode of life, in which the energy to build organic molecules comes from chemical reactions rather than from sunlight in the more familiar photosynthesis. ü   Anaerobic nitrogen fixing bacterium Clostridium pasteurianum and cellulose decomposition. ü   Cellulose decomposing bacteria ·     Invented Winogradsky’s column - A closed column

MARTINUS WILLEM BEIJERINCK ·        Martinus Willem Beijerinck was a Dutch Microbiologist and Botanist. ·        Martinus Beijerinck described the Biological Nitrogen Fixation in plants by microorganisms. ·        Martinus Beijerinck isolated ü   Free-living nitrogen fixing bacterium ( Azotobacter from soil) ü   Denitrifying bacterium Bacillus sphaerosporus and Bacillus nitrous (which convert soil nitrates to free atmospheric nitrogen) ü   Root nodulating bacterium ( Bacillus radicicola  - later classified as a type of  Rhizobium leguminosarum ) (in 1988) ü   Sulphur reducing bacteria Spirillum desulfuricans ü   Sulfate producing Thiobacillus sp. and its Chemoautotrophic nature ü   Hydrogen sulfide producing Aerobacter sp. ü   Sarcina ventriculi in media of high acidicity at anaerobic conditions ü   Luminescent bacteria Phutobacterium zuminosum ü   Yeast Schizosaccharomyces octoporus from Raisins ü