Saran's Learn Microbiology

  RECYCLING OF WATER                ·        Reclaimed or recycled water (also called wastewater reuse or water reclamation) is the process of converting Wastewater into Water that can be reused for other purposes. ·        The water recycling process utilizes very basic Physical, Biological and Chemical principles to remove contaminants from water. ·        Use of Mechanical or Physical systems to treat wastewater is generally referred to as Primary treatment. Use of Biological processes to provide further treatment is referred to as Secondary treatment. Additional purification is called Tertiary or Advanced treatment and it is a Chemical system. ·        Recycled or Reclaimed water was used for a)      Agricultural irrigation ü   When reclaimed water is used for irrigation in agriculture, the nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) content of the treated wastewater has the benefit of acting as a fertilizer. This can make the reuse of excreta contained in sewage attractive. b

  PURIFICATION OF WATER       ·        Water purification is the removal of contaminants from raw water to produce drinking water that is pure enough for human consumption. ·        Water purification also meets the needs of medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications for clean and potable water. ·        The purification procedure reduces the concentration of contaminants such as suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses and fungi. ·        Water purification takes place on scales from the Large (e.g., for an entire city) to the Small (e.g., for individual households). COMMON METHODS OF WATER PURIFICATION 1) Boiling ·        Boiling water is the cheapest and safest method of water purification. ·        In Boiling, clean water should be brought to boil and left at rolling-boil for 1- 3 minutes. ·        For people living in high altitude areas (Mountain and Hilly regions), it is recommended to boil the water for longer than water bo

  EUTROPHICATION ·        Eutrophication (from Greek  eutrophos , "well-nourished") or Hypertrophication is the gradual increase in the concentration of phosphorus, nitrogen and other nutrients such as phosphates in an aquatic ecosystem such as a lake. ·   Eutrophication is often induced by the discharge of nitrate or phosphate -containing detergents, fertilizers, or sewage into an aquatic system. EFFECTS OF EUTROPHICATION 1)     Increasing biomass of phytoplankton resulting in 'algal blooms'. 2)     Hypoxia (reduced Dissolved oxygen content of a body of water). 3)     The algae may use up all the oxygen in the water, leaving none for other marine life. This results in the death of many aquatic organisms such as fish, which need the oxygen in the water to live. 4)     The bloom of algae may also block sunlight from photosynthetic plants under the water surface. 5)     The water can have a bad taste, c

  MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM ·        Mangroves represent a characteristic Littoral (near the seashore) forest ecosystem. ·     Mangroves are mostly evergreen forests that grow in sheltered low lying coasts, estuaries, mudflats, tidal creeks backwaters (coastal waters held back on land), marshes and lagoons of tropical and subtropical regions. ·      Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems, and the trees may vary in height from 8 to 20 m. They protect the shoreline from the effect of Cyclones and Tsunamis. ·       Mangroves are breeding and spawning ground for many commercially important fishes. ·     Mangroves are salt tolerant trees, also called Halophytes, and are adapted harsh coastal conditions. MANGROVES IN INDIA LIFE IN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM ·       Mangrove forests are an ecosystem of incredible biological diversity comprising hundreds of algae, mollusk, crustacean, fish, insect, reptile, bird, and mammal species. ·     Saltwater crocodiles, pelicans, egrets, spoonbills